Robin Hood - A Yorkshire Heroine?

Was Robin Hood a woman ?
History is largely written by men, about the lives of men. There have been a number of women who dressed as men and were robbers, bandits, soldiers and adventurers. 
Could it be that historians in their quest to identify the historical man who was the Real Robin Hood are looking at the wrong half of the population.
Jean of Arc put on armour, and Robin Hood donned Lincoln Green.
In the 2012 Bestselling Book Robin Lady of Legend - Robin Hood is retold with the main protagonist as a Woman.

In Nostell Priory set in the Forest of Barnsdale lies a Parish Church built on the site of an earlier church. In the stained glass of the main Chancel window is the figure of  Mary Magdalene, the important Saint revered by Robin Hood.

The Window which mostly dates from 1533 shows Mary Magdalene with a face which bears resemblance to many faces in early Woodcuts of Robin Hood.

Set in the Church is a thousand year old carving of St Michael and Our Lady which stood at the crossroads in the forest telling travellers that sanctuary lay nearby in Nostell Priory.

Robin Hood and Mary Magdalene

Forth then went Robin Hood

Until he came to our king;

‘My Lord the king of England,

Grant me what I ask.

I made a chapel in Barnsdale,

That lovely is to see;

It is of Mary Magdalene,

                                                               And that’s where I would be

Robin Hood built a church dedicated to Mary Magdalene. Since 2016, the Catholic Church now acknowledges Mary Magdalene as equal par as a disciple of Jesus with the other apostles, but this has not always been the case, since 1591 AD Pope Gregory identifies her as the Sinful Woman.  In the Middle Ages, Mary Magdalene was in parts of Christendom held in reverence. 

At Vezelay Abbey in 1050 AD Benedictine Monks began to claim that they held relics of Magdalene recovered from the Holy Land by their founder Badilo in the 9th Century, and the fame of the Abbey spread, as it became a embarkation for Pilgrims to Santiago. In 1190 Richard I the Lionheart and the French King Philip II met there and spent 3 months at the Abbey before leaving for the Third Crusade.

Richard the Lionheart is closely associated with the Forest of Barnsdale in 1194 and to the Robin Hood story, fitting into the chronology of the Twelfth Century Robin Hood from 1160-1247. 

Further evidence of Forestation from Anglo-Saxon and Norse Settlement Names

Contrary to orthodox receieved wisdom that England after the Neolithic was one big farmstead, analysis of settlement names from Anglo-Saxon and Norse Language indicate extensive settlement into a wooded landscape. There can be no doubt from this that Forest cover was greater in 1300, 1086 and 665 that today.

Northern Forests in Roman England

So if we look at Roman Coin finds in England, it mirrors later population patterns and coin finds from Norman England. The Population of Roman Britain was perhaps 4-6 million at height, with settlement most in the Eastern Arable areas, while in the Pastoral north, we have lower population and fewer towns and cities.
If we project the later Anglo-Saxon Forests onto the coin find map, we see similar patterns.

Now archaeologists and modern geographers maintain that forests were extensively cleared in neolithic times and that the barren moors of the North, once forested were cleared and then farmed with sheep before Roman occupation. While the Brigantes did have sheep in their diet, the historical record of Anglo-Saxon Ley name places - ie clearing in woods along with the survival of wolves, wild boar, deer, and even a cave bear in Yorkshire does tend to suggest that forestation in Yorkshire was more extensive into Roman times and the Middle Ages than current thinking. If agriculure co-existed with forestation, perhaps the presence of agriculture in pollen samples does not exclude the survival of wooded landscapes. Evidence abunds for the survival of large numbers of Wolves in the North and the West :

Certain historians write that in 950, King Athelstan imposed an annual tribute of 300 wolf skins on Welsh king Hywel Dda,^[4] while William of Malmesbury states that Athelstan requested gold and silver, and that it was his nephew Edgar the Peaceful who gave up that fine and instead demanded a tribute of wolf skins on King Constantine of Wales. Wolves at that time were especially numerous in the districts bordering Wales, which were heavily forested.^[5]

This imposition was maintained until the Norman conquest of England.^[4] At the time, several criminals, rather than being put to death, would be ordered to provide a certain number of wolf tongues annually.^[6] 

 The monk Galfrid, whilst writing about the miracles of St. Cuthbert seven centuries earlier, observed that wolves were so numerous in Northumbria, that it was virtually impossible for even the richest flock-masters to protect their sheep, despite employing many men for the job. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that the month of January was known as “Wolf monath”, as this was the first full month of wolf hunting by the nobility. Officially, this hunting season would end on 25 March; thus it encompassed the cubbing season, when wolves were at their most vulnerable, and their fur was of greater quality.^[1]

In the eleventh year of Henry VI's reign (1433), a Sir Robert Plumpton held a bovate of land called “Wolf hunt land” in Nottingham, by service of winding a horn and chasing or frightening the wolves in Sherwood Forest. The wolf is generally thought to have become extinct in England during the reign of Henry VII (1485–1509), or at least very rare. By this time, wolves had become limited to the Lancashire forests of Blackburnshire and Bowland, the wilder parts of the Derbyshire Peak District, and the Yorkshire Wolds. Indeed, wolf bounties were still maintained in the East Riding until the early 19th century.^[5]

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves_in_Great_Britain

In Europe wolves survive in many countries where there is significantly higher levels of forestation that Modern England where deforestation and wolf hunting made the wolf population extinct.

A map of historic wolf attacks in France shows one of the reasons Wolves were hunted in England.

Population, Coinage, Agriculture and Forestation in the North

If we compare maps of Roman and Norman coin finds with maps of population density, we find that coin density mirrors known population density in the North of England for Norman England. If we overlain Roman coin finds in the North with Norman, we see a near exact fit, which implies similar land use and perhaps population levels.

Anglo-Norman Coin Finds

Roman Coin Finds

Roman & Norman Coin Finds Compared

Domesday Population 1086 Mapped



So if we look at 2009 land use we can see the pastoral zone is the area with lower population

A Barnsdale Commentary for History Hunters

Merry Wakefield, Forrestation and Robin Hood

It is in the Wakefield Rolls we find the strongest candidate for the many Real Robin Hoods, Robert Hood lived in Wakefield with his wife Matilda at Bichill - now the site of Wakefield Bus Station.

Local Historians in the 1970's took the time to map historic land use in Wakefield, and these can be viewed at Wakefield Museum and Library.

Waca's Field was a settlement -  a clearing into the uncleared Forest of Barnsdale with the Great Marsh separating the small hamlet from Sandala. The area would have still been part of the British forest Kingdom of Elmet with Anglian settlement from the East with the Anglian Kingdom of Deira

After the defeat of Elmet at the hands of the Northumbrians - Deira and Bernicia, Viking invasion and settlement into Bys and Thorpes  let to further in roads into Barnsdale in Wakefield.

By the time of the Norman Invasion in 1066, we see depopulation caused by the Harrying of the North by King William I. 

By the Age of Robin Hood in 1300, the deforestation of Barnsdale which was an Anglo-Danish hunting forest used by Canute and the Confessor, the Normans protected Sherwood but not Barnsdale, which was a place of Anglo-Saxon Brigandage. 

The Woodland continues to diminish but still plays a role as can be seen in 1460 with the Battle of Wakefield.